Beers Law Definition and Equation

Beers Law is an equation that relates the attenuation of light to properties of a material. The law states that the concentration of a chemical is directly proportional to the absorbance of a solution. The relation may be used to determine the concentration of a chemical species in a solution using a colorimeter or spectrophotometer. The relation is most often used in UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. Note that Beers Law is not valid at high solution concentrations. Other Names for Beers Law Beers Law is also known as the Beer-Lambert Law, the Lambert-Beer Law, and the  Beer–Lambert–Bouguer Law. The reason there are so many names is because more than one law is involved. Basically, Pierre Bouger discovered the law in 1729 and published it in Essai doptique sur la gradation de la lumià ¨re. Lambert quoted Bougers discovery in his Photometria in 1760, saying absorbance of a sample is directly proportional to the path length of light. Even though Lambert didnt claim discovery, he was often credited with it. August Beer discovered a related law in 1852. Beers Law stated that the absorbance is proportional to the concentration of the sample. Technically, Beers Law relates only to concentration, while the Beer-Lambert Law relates absorbance to both concentration and sample thickness. Key Takeaways: Beer's Law Beers Law states that the concentration of a chemical solution is directly proportional to its absorption of light.The premise is that a beam of light becomes weaker as it passes through a chemical solution. The attenuation of light occurs either as a result of distance through solution or increasing concentration.Beers Law goes by many names, including the Beer-Lambert Law, Lambert-Beer Law, and Beer-Lambert-Bouguer Law. Equation for Beers Law Beers Law may be written simply as: A ÃŽ µbc where  A is absorbance (no units)ÃŽ µ is the molar absorptivity with units of L mol-1  cm-1 (formerly called the extinction coefficient)b is the path length of the sample, usually expressed in cmc is the concentration of the compound in solution, expressed in mol L-1 Calculating the absorbance of a sample using the equation depends on two assumptions: The absorbance is directly proportional to the path length of the sample (the width of the cuvette).The absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration of the sample. In this example of the Beer-Lambert law, a green laser is attenuated as it passes through a solution of Rhodamine 6G. Amirber How to Use Beers Law While many modern instruments perform Beers Law calculations by simply comparing a blank cuvette with a sample, its easy to prepare a graph using standard solutions to determine the concentration of a specimen. The graphing method assumes a straight-line relationship between absorbance and concentration, which is valid for dilute solutions.   Beers Law Example Calculation A sample is known to have a maximum absorbance value of 275 nm. Its molar absorptivity is 8400 M-1cm-1. The width of the cuvette is 1 cm. A spectrophotometer finds A 0.70. What is the concentration of the sample? To solve the problem, use Beers Law: A ÃŽ µbc 0.70 (8400 M-1cm-1)(1 cm)(c) Divide both sides of the equation by [(8400 M-1 cm-1)(1 cm)] c 8.33 x 10-5 mol/L Importance of Beers Law Beers Law is especially important in the fields of chemistry, physics, and meteorology. Beers Law is used in chemistry to measure the concentration of chemical solutions, to analyze oxidation, and to measure polymer degradation. The law also describes the attenuation of radiation through the Earths atmosphere. While normally applied to light, the law also helps scientists understand the attenuation of particle beams, such as neutrons. In theoretical physics, the Beer-Lambert Law is a solution to the Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (BKG) operator, which is used in the Boltzmann equation for computational fluid dynamics. Sources Beer, August. Bestimmung der Absorption des rothen Lichts in farbigen Flà ¼ssigkeiten (Determination of the absorption of red light in colored liquids). Annalen der Physik und Chemie, vol. 86, 1852, pp. 78–88.Bouguer, Pierre. Essai doptique sur la gradation de la lumià ¨re. Claude Jombert, 1729 pp. 16–22.Ingle, J. D. J., and S. R. Crouch. Spectrochemical Analysis. Prentice Hall, 1988.Lambert, J. H. Photometria sive de mensura et gradibus luminis, colorum et umbrae [Photometry, or, On the measure and gradations of light, colors, and shade]. Augsburg (Augusta Vindelicorum). Eberhardt Klett, 1760.Mayerhà ¶fer, Thomas Gà ¼nter, and Jà ¼rgen Popp. Beers law - why absorbance depends (almost) linearly on concentration. Chemphyschem, vol. 20, no. 4, December 2018. doi:10.1002/cphc.201801073

Organic Farming Can Not Feed The World Essay - 1740 Words

Ever since the Agricultural Revolution, farming has always been organic. As the human population grew, conventional farming, farming with non-organic methods (using synthetic fertilizers and pesticides), became prevalent to satisfy the population’s demand for food. Recently, organic farming has attracted consumers for its health, environmental, and agricultural benefits versus conventional farming, however, there is a debate whether organic farming can produce enough food to satisfy the current population of 7 billion people and future populations on Earth. Ed Hamer and Mark Anslow argue in â€Å"10 Reasons Why Organic Can Feed the World† that organic farming can produce enough food to satisfy today’s population, while D.J. Connor argues otherwise in â€Å"Organic Agriculture Cannot Feed the World†. Even though organic farming has plenty advantages over conventional farming, we should stick to improving conventional farming because the projections for orga nic farming that Hamer and Anslow use are misleading. Hamer and Anslow state 10 arguments on why organic farming can feed the world. The first argument they make is that organic farming yields exceed those of conventional farming. It has greater yields in less-industrialized countries, which â€Å"in an analysis of more than 286 organic conversions in 57 [less-industrialized] countries, the average yield increase was found to be an impressive 64 percent† (71). In industrialized countries like the United States, the University of EssexShow MoreRelatedOrganic Farming Can Help Feed The World And Will Help Maintain Soil1061 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween organic and conventional agriculture, despite historically low rates of investment in organic cropping systems. (Berkeley)† Organic agriculture has increased biodiversity. There is an ambition that agriculture can help feed the world and will help maintain soil (Berkeley). A student at Berkeley says, â€Å"Increasing that p roportion of agriculture that uses sustainable, organic methods of farming is not a choice, it’s a necessity (Kreman).† There are some things that are bad about organic farmingRead MoreSustainability Vs. Conventional Farming1299 Words   |  6 Pagessite-specific application. (Gold) The sales of organics are at an all time high, but the concern is that consumers do not know the true facts behind organic farming. Oftentimes, organics are said to be sustainable and are better for the public than conventional farming, but that is not true. Organic farming is not sustainable. This is proven by giving the true meaning of sustainability vs. conventional farming, stating the regulations behind organic farming, and use the two to show how all of this affectsRead MoreBenefits And Benefits Of Organic Foods950 Words   |  4 PagesBenefits of Organic Foods Sales of organic food have risen steadily over the past couple of years, reaching nearly $30 billion in 2011, or 4.2% of all U.S. food and beverage sales, (Adams). Many people believe that organic foods are ultimately the better choice when it comes to health due to the absence of pesticides and hormones. But other people—especially those whose food budgets may be more defined—wonder if organic food is really worth the inflated price tag. Despite the price, Organic foods areRead MoreOrganic Futures : The Case Of Organic Farming1213 Words   |  5 PagesWith third world countries barely beginning modern day agriculture practices, they are looking for an easy, effective, sustainable, method to produce food for themselves and their families. Adrian Myers the author of Organic Futures: the Case of Organic Farming writes: â€Å"†¦with the recent growth of organic and sustainable agriculture in Third World countries, are extremely hopeful signs. The thought, therefore, of writing about the worst aspects of conventional farming was daunting† (Myers 87). TheseRead MoreA Debate Between Organic Foods And Non Organic Food1689 Words   |  7 Pagesbetter day by day for humans need and survivenment, but one thing is that human will never be able survive without food. Food comes from farms and animals. There are many ways for farming like organic farming, conventional farming, commercial farming, multi-crop farming, factory farming and many more other technique of it. Farming has a significant role in toady’s economy. All people should know what they are eating and they have right to know for their health and survivenment. People need to know howRead MoreWhy Organic Farming Is Capable Of Sustaining The Global Population891 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Components 1. Discuss the â€Å"problem statement,† (what is the issue we are addressing?) - The â€Å"problem statement† to these three articles is to see if organic farming is capable of sustaining the global population by weighing the pros and cons of organic vs conventional farming. 2. Who are the authors and what are their qualifications? - First author, DiGregori has neither expertise or credential; he is a phD in Economics and does not have any experience dealing with agronomy nor didRead MoreHow Organic Farming Affects The Growth Of The Green Movement1061 Words   |  5 PagesUp until the 1920’s, most agriculture and farming was done organically. Farmers used products that were naturally earth made to control the weeds, pest, and help the soil maintain its nutritional value. There wasn’t any chemicals or insecticide until the Second World War, when the researchers discover that nerve gas was able to kill insects. The first insecticide was created in 1939 by Paul Miller. Since then organic farming has dramatically decreased and more insecticides has become extremely popularRead MoreThe American Farmer845 Words   |  4 Pagesconsume organic produce due to the thought that it is healthiest route. As an agriculturalist I want to make people aware of the risks and underlying conditions that they do not take into consideration when consuming organic commodities. When consumers hear the word â€Å"organic† they think the food they are eating is free of pesticides, hormones, and a plethora of chemicals, which is partly true. Farmers of all crops have to use pesticides to keep their crops alive; in the case of organics, farmersRead MoreAre Organic And Conventional Produce? Essay1226 Words   |  5 Pageswrote letters combating each other’s views on organic versus conventionally grown produce. They did agree on some aspects of organic, such as the environmental impact, but they also disagreed on the health benefits of organic and conventional produce. Peter Melchett, Director of the Soil Association in the United Kingdom stated that organic produce is much more nutritional than conventional due to the simple fact that people were saying they bought organic because they â€Å"thought† it was more nutritionalRead MoreEssay on Organic versus Non-Organic Food and Food Production1032 Words   |  5 Pages Have you ever wondered what the difference is between organic and non organic food? Some may say there aren’t any differences in the food itself, but the real difference lies in the means of producing the food. The controversy here is the environmental effects of different farming methods. Some believe that organic farming methods are better than conventional farming methods and some believe the opposite. There are many factors to determine which method is better but we are here to investigate

Interest Rates in United States

Question: Choose One of the US or the Eurozone and Evaluate the likely Future path of Interest Rates Over the next 2 years. Answer: Future projection path of interest rates in United States in the next two years Interest rate of a country corresponds to the rate that is charged by the central bank from the commercial banks of the country (Li and Hazari 2015). United States is considered as well developed nation of the world, which is considered as the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. With a population of only 4.3% of the world, the nation is capable of maintaining a strong economical background of country. This essay aims at focussing on the trends of interest rates of the nation. Being one of the developed nations of the world, the focus of the essay is to attain a projected path of the countrys interest rate trends for the upcoming two years. The essay states the past twenty year trends of the interest rates in United States, which would be quite helpful in acknowledging and predicting the future trends of the mentioned macroeconomic variables. The factors that influence the inflation rate of the country has been taken into consideration thereby predicting the projected path in the end. Interest rates considered as the profit over time due to the financial instruments of a country. Interest rate is noted on the annual basis, which is calculated based on annual percentage rate. In the ISLM model, the lm curve deals with the combination of output (Y) and interest rate (r). these two variables equilibrate the money market, thereby giving the countrys nominal money supply level M and price level P. The LM curve deals with the combination of all Y and r, which would ascertain the equilibrium in the money market of the economy. According to Mankiw (2014), the equilibrium condition, the real money demand of the country must be equivalent to its real money supply. Hence, the equilibrium condition must be stated by : Md(Y,r) = M/P In the above-mentioned equilibrium condition, the equation on the right side denoting the real money supply is fixed. This states that any change in the real money supply, shifts the entire LM curve. Based on the assumption of real money supply being positively related to the output, Y and negatively related to interest rate, r, the LM curve is upward sloping in nature (Beeghley 2015). In an economy, with the shifts of the lm curve, there is a considerable alter in the rate of interest prevailing in the economy. The changes of the interest rates structure are dependent upon both the internal and the external influence of the financial markets of the country. The economic performance of the country along with its perspective and expectations of the potential loan receivers as well as the overall country is quite vital in affecting the changes of the interest rates (Gopinath, Helpman and Rogoff 2014). The interest rates of a country are dependent upon the agreements of the institutions of the economy. Central bank policy is considered as one of the most important factor prevailing in the economy, which helps in laying an emphasis on the interest rates of the country. Depending upon the rise in the money offered by the central bank to the commercial banks in a country, determines the interest rate that may be directly affecting the contracts to be made in these banks. In order to predict the future projection path of the interest rate trends in a country, the most important factor that needs to be taken into consideration is the monetary policy of the country. In an economy, monetary policy helps in anchoring the rate of inflation of a country around the targeted inflation rate of the country. The central bank of the economy, aims at attaining a stable inflation rate of the country that would thereby help in maintaining a sustained interest rate level (Schwartz 2014). On attaining a sustained inflation rate of the economy, the inflation gap and the output gap should be quite proportional to each other. The changes in the interest rates of the country should be gradual in nature. This would help in acknowledging the effects of the interest rates and the economical developments of the country. These indications are efficient enough to denote that the interest rate of the country would be quite well maintained and appropriate in nature. The trend of interest rate in United States for the past twenty years is quite fluctuating in nature. The interest rate had faced a considerable drop fro, the year 2000 to 2004. A steep rise in the interest rates has been visible in the next three years. During the time of financial crisis in the period of 2007-2009, there is a steep fall in the rate of interest of the country from 5.25 in 2007 to 2.47 in 2009. Since, 2011, a stability in the gradual increase in the interest rate of the economy has been seen until the year 2014. A sudden rise in the interest rate has been noticed in the economy in the year 2015 from 1.43 to 2.16 (Data.worldbank.org 2017). Figure 1: Past interest rate trends of United States from 1995-2015 (Source: Data.worldbank.org. 2017) It is known that rate of interest is the amount charged, which is expressed as the percentage of principal. As per the statement of Gal (2015), it can be mentioned that interest rates are considered as the rate of annual basis and it is known as annual percentage rate. Therefore, interest rate is known as the cost borrowing money. In order to forecast the future trend of interest rate of United States, it is necessary to determine the price level of the goods across the economy. It is known that there is a positive relationship between the price level or inflation rate and interest rate. Therefore, it is necessary to highlight the future trend of inflation rate of United States in order to identify the future trend of interest rate of the economy, which would be discussed in the following: 2018 2.37 percent 2019 2.49 percent Table 1: Future years inflation rate (Source: Created by author) Figure 2: Projected annual rate of inflation in United States (Source: Laubach and Williams 2016) From the above table and above figure, it can be observed that the future trend of United States will be increased. Therefore, it can be inferred that the rate of interest will also be increased in the future two years. According to Barsky, Justiniano and Melosi (2014), rise in the rate of inflation reflects the increase in the price level of the goods. Therefore, the purchasing power of the country will be increased. On the other hand, it can be added that increase in the price level will decrease the real money supply. Therefore, the demand for money exceeds the money supply and the real interest rate is lower compared to the new equilibrium interest rate. The annual interest rate will increase from 0.5 percent to 0.75 percent in 2018. Therefore, the labour market will strengthen and the economic activities will be improved. The unemployment rate will be at steady position. As a result, it can be predicted that the job growth will be continued with the slower improvement of household spending. In this purpose, it can be stated that the rate of interest will be increased after the presidential election of Donald Trump. Due to the prospect of higher rate of inflation and higher deficit, it can be mentioned that this will be spurred by the taxation policy as well as the spending proposal of Donald Trump. In addition, Kuttner and Shim (2016) pointed that the Federal Reserve will also be increased at the short-term rates twice within the year. The Fed wants to increase the rate gradually in order to dampening the growth of the economy. In this connection, it can be expected that the preferred level of 3 percent in the short term rate until the year of 2020. On the other hand, the Fed reflected the improvements in customer and the business sentiment and also predicted to increase the rate up to 2.0 percent. Therefore, monetary policy of the country will be adjusted. Interest rates are considered an important macroeconomic variable of a country that helps in determining the stability of the country. Interest rates of the country are determined by the money equilibrium market, which helps in sustaining the macroeconomic conditions of the economy. In this essay, the future trend of the interest rates of United States has been taken into consideration. The past trends of the rate of interest and the monetary policy prevailing in the economy, it could be concluded that there would be a rise in the interest rate in the upcoming two years. There would be an increase in the price level of the economy thereby positively affecting the inflation rate. Hence, an upward pressure on the interest rate of the country would be visible. References Barsky, R., Justiniano, A. and Melosi, L., 2014. The natural rate of interest and its usefulness for monetary policy.The American Economic Review,104(5), pp.37-43. Beeghley, L., 2015.Structure of social stratification in the United States. Routledge. Data.worldbank.org. (2017). United States | Data. [online] Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/country/united-states [Accessed 24 Feb. 2017]. Gal, J., 2015.Monetary policy, inflation, and the business cycle: an introduction to the new Keynesian framework and its applications. Princeton University Press. Gopinath, G., Helpman, E. and Rogoff, K. eds., 2014.Handbook of international economics(Vol. 4). Elsevier. Kuttner, K.N. and Shim, I., 2016. Can non-interest rate policies stabilize housing markets? Evidence from a panel of 57 economies.Journal of Financial Stability,26, pp.31-44. Laubach, T. and Williams, J.C., 2016. Measuring the natural rate of interest redux.Business Economics,51(2), pp.57-67. Li, K.W. and Hazari, B.R., 2015. The possible tragedy of quantitative easing: An IS-LM approach. Mankiw, N.G., 2014.Principles of macroeconomics. Cengage Learning. Schwartz, A.F., 2014.Housing policy in the United States. Routledge.

Sport Management and Sociology of Sport Essay Essay Example

Sport Management and Sociology of Sport Essay Essay Abstraction Across all degrees of athleticss. possibly the connexion between athletics and society is the most valuable and co-dependent component for athletics directors to understand. Without the impact our society has on athletics. jocks. proprietors. telecasting webs and patrons would non pass or bring forth 100s of 1000000s of dollars in gross. If athletics directors fail to hold on and understand the significance of this connexion. they are merely non making their occupation. Sociology of athletics can assist the development of today’s athletics direction patterns and policies and supply a base for athletics directors to be successful. This paper will supply a model of the significance of the relationship between athletics direction and sociology of athletics. We will write a custom essay sample on Sport Management and Sociology of Sport Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sport Management and Sociology of Sport Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sport Management and Sociology of Sport Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Relationship between Sport Management and the Sociology of Sport An illustration of the relationship between athletics and society and the deductions it has on athletics direction is the branchings of the late concluded NHL lockout. The lockout. which lasted 113 yearss. marked the 3rd clip since 1994 that the NHL cancelled regular-season games due to labour agitation. Approximately 10 % of games in that clip frame have been cancelled. While the lockout has eventually ended and the NHL will open the 2013 season on January 19. important harm has been done to the relationship the NHL has with its fans. and it’s up to athletics directors to do it right. and in a haste. The recent history of the lockout proves that they benefit cipher in the long tally. and about kills the athletics in the short term. The metropolis of Detroit lost approximately 1. 9 million dollars for each off game this season. or approximately 35 million dollars overall. Local athleticss bars lost 1000000s of dollars without any fans to function over the last couple months. The relationship between athletics and society comes into drama in how the athletics directors plan to reconstruct the trust they lost from what has traditionally been a really trustful fan base. While the traditionalist NHL fans will return. the NHL has doubtless lost many fans that have found other things to maintain them preoccupied. So how do NHL selling experts rebuild their relationship with their fan base? The Tampa Bay Lightning. a non-traditional hockey metropolis. is offering particular season-ticket ranks for merely $ 200 ( less than $ 20 per game ) for a limited clip. Fans besides receive a particular $ 25 gift card when they sign up for the particular season-ticket bundle. The Phoenix Coyotes and Detroit Red Wingss have both said publically that one time the NHL agenda is released. they will place certain games with particular value in grasp of the trueness and support of their fans. Virtually every squad is likely to follow suit with something similar. When Major League Baseball returned from the player’s work stoppage in 1995. attending dipped significantly. and many felt the conference and its squads did non make plenty to apologise to their fans. Clearly. the NHL is acknowledging the importance of its fan base. Many squads through their general director. caput manager or web site. have already publically apologized for the lockout because they realize that without their fans. the NHL is in serious problem. The NHL does non hold the billion-dollar Television contract the NFL has. Therefore. when there are games to be played. the NHL has ever put it fans foremost because they are irrelevant without them. As a future athletics director. the relationship between athletics and society is something that ever must be considered when any concern determination is made. To be genuinely successful as a director. the bulk of determinations must be made with one’s fan base in head. Correctly valuing the society that is passionate about your organisation can enable you to maximise your net income and public image. If an NHL franchise failed to publish any sort of apology. ticket. grant or parking particular. or have any particular public events for its fan base after the lockout. it would neglect to right understand the importance of the relationship between athletics and society. and as a consequence. they would non retrieve from the lockout financially and with its fan base. The best manner to successfully pull off the relationship between athletics and society is to continually be active in the community. Sport directors can derive new fans ( and new income ) every twenty-four hours. therefore it is of import to ever see the impact any determination will hold on its fan base. It is of import to non merely have selling and media dealingss staff. but besides a community engagement squad. This squad is responsible for passing 1000s of hours per twelvemonth interacting with its fan base. through charity events. clinics. fundraisers and visits to local schools. It is of import to place the features and outlooks of the society. For illustration. the Oakland Athletics fan base. a little. blue-collar group averaging merely 15. 000 fans per place game. will be thrilled to merely hold a winning season. whereas the fans of the Boston Red Sox. who have sold out Fenway Park for 10 consecutive old ages. will non accept anything but a World Series. At the same clip. it is of import to understand the economic and societal inclinations of your fan base. While the Detroit Red Wings have a really passionate fan base with a celebrated history. they besides reside in a fighting economic system. which has accordingly affected the attending inside Joe Louis Arena. The Red Wings’ front office demands to supply low-cost ticket chances. understanding that their dedicated fan base has fiscal restrictions. Sport organisations are really different from traditional concern organisations for a figure of grounds. For one. teams compete both against and with each other. as the success of the conference does impact the fiscal success of its squads. Second. athletics organisations are frequently more publically exposed than concerns. and as a consequence are scrutinized daily by 1000000s of rabid fans and the local and national media. Third. the bulk of athletics organisations do non run with net income as the main end. A 1966 study on the English Football Association ( FA ) showed the aim of an proprietor was â€Å"to provide amusement in the signifier of football math. The aim is non to maximise net incomes. but to accomplish playing success whilst staying dissolver. † ( Rosner and Shropshire. 2011 ) . Rarely do athletics directors maximize their net incomes. and if they do. so most likely they will fight to be successful on the playing field. Following the 2011-12 NHL season. the San Jose Sharks. despite disbursement to the bounds of the salary cap and selling out every place game. were eliminated after merely one unit of ammunition. While many NHL squads are content with this. the Sharks’ fan base and ownership group are non. after holding qualified for the playoffs every twelvemonth since the 2004 lockout. yet neglecting to do the Stanley Cup Finals. Kevin Compton. caput of the ownership group. told Sharks’ fans that they lost $ 15 million last season. but that is absolutely acceptable because they are committed to winning. Compton said. â€Å"We’re All right with that because that’s a determination we’ve made to remain competitory. † ( Prohockeytalk. nbcsports. com. 2012 ) . In no other concern than athletics would losing $ 15 million yearly be acceptable. Yet. in athleticss. this is what precisely what a society passionate about its squad wants to hear. San Jose fans will go on to sellout HP Pavilion even after the lockout because its direction group has made a committedness to make whatever it takes to win the Stanley Cup. even if that means a multi-million dollar loss annually. The relationship between athletics and society is undeniable. Failing to place the bond between athletics direction and the sociology of athletics is unacceptable if a athletics director wants to win on the field. with its fan base and financially. Ironically. the fiscal component is frequently the one facet that is overlooked by directors. Sport direction is non ever about maximising net income. Sometimes. maximising gross can estrange a fan base. and in bend. this disaffection will finally ache the pockets of the athletics director. The relationship between athletics and society is the most of import variable for a athletics director to right and rapidly understand to be successful. Mentions Rosner. S. . Shropshire. K. ( 2011 ) . The Business of Sports ( 2nd ed. ) . Subury. Ma: Jones A ; Bartlett Learning. Sunnucks. M. ( 2013. Jan 10 ) . Phoenix Coyotes’ NHL lockout payback: Possible intrasquad game particular value. Sporting News Online. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //aol. sportingnews. com/nhl/story/2013-01-10/nhl-lockout-news-schedule-phoenix-coyotes-sale-greg-jamison Tampa Bay Lightning ( 2013. Jan. 9 ) Lightning to offer 200 season tickets for merely $ 200 each. Tampa Bay Lightning Official Website. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //lightning. nhl. com/club/news. htm? id=649577 Tuttle. B. ( 2013. Jan. 8 ) . NHL Lockout is Over! Guess Who’s Happier than Fans or Players? Time Magazine Online. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //business. clip. com/2013/01/08/nhl-lockout-is-over-guess-whos-happier-than-fans-or-players/ Yerdon. J. ( 2012. Aug 20 ) . Sharks ownership claims they lost $ 15 million despite selling out every game. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //prohockeytalk. nbcsports. com/2012/08/20/sharks-ownership-claims-they-lost-15-million-despite-selling-out-every-game/